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OpenAI

2 de fevereiro de 2025

Lançamento

Apresentamos a investigação

Um agente que usa reflexão para sintetizar grandes quantidades de informações online e concluir tarefas de pesquisa em várias etapas para você. Disponível hoje para usuários Pro, e em breve para Plus e Team.

Carregando…

Atualização de 10 de fevereiro de 2026: Agora você pode conectar pesquisas aprofundadas a qualquer MCP ou aplicativo e restringir as buscas na web a sites confiáveis, para que você possa se concentrar em fontes autenticadas e em conformidade com os padrões do setor. Você também pode acompanhar o progresso em tempo real e interromper a pesquisa para refiná-la com sugestões de acompanhamento ou novas fontes. Atualizamos a experiência visual para que seja mais fácil iniciar, acompanhar e revisar sua pesquisa do início ao fim.


Atualização de 17 de julho de 2025: A pesquisa aprofundada agora pode ser ainda mais completa e abrangente com o acesso a um navegador visual integrado ao agente ChatGPT. Para acessar esses recursos atualizados, basta selecionar "modo agente" no menu suspenso do editor e inserir sua consulta diretamente. A funcionalidade original de pesquisa aprofundada continua disponível por meio da opção "pesquisa aprofundada" no menu de ferramentas.


Atualização de 24 de abril de 2025: Estamos aumentando significativamente a frequência com que você pode usar a pesquisa avançada — usuários dos planos Plus, Team, Enterprise e Edu agora têm direito a 25 consultas por mês, usuários do plano Pro têm direito a 250 e usuários do plano gratuito têm direito a 5. Isso é possível graças a uma nova versão simplificada da pesquisa avançada, baseada em uma versão do o4-mini, projetada para ser mais econômica sem comprometer a alta qualidade. Assim que você atingir o limite da versão completa, suas consultas serão automaticamente transferidas para a versão simplificada.


Atualização de 25 de fevereiro de 2025: Todos os usuários do plano Plus agora podem usar a pesquisa avançada.


Atualização de 5 de fevereiro de 2025: A pesquisa aprofundada agora está disponível para usuários Pro no Reino Unido, Suíça e Espaço Econômico Europeu.


Estamos lançando hoje a Investigação no ChatGPT, uma nova capacidade autônoma que realiza investigações em várias etapas na internet para tarefas complexas. Ela faz em dezenas de minutos o que um ser humano levaria muitas horas.

A Investigação é o próximo agente da OpenAI que pode trabalhar para você de maneira independente: você faz um prompt, e o ChatGPT encontra, analisa e sintetiza centenas de fontes online para criar um relatório abrangente no mesmo nível que um analista de investigação. Desenvolvida com base em uma versão do futuro modelo OpenAI o3, otimizado para navegação na Web e análise de dados, ela utiliza reflexão para buscar, interpretar e analisar grandes quantidades de textos, imagens e PDFs na internet, adaptando-se conforme necessário em resposta às informações encontradas.

A capacidade de sintetizar conhecimento é um pré-requisito para criar novo conhecimento. Por esse motivo, a investigação marca um passo significativo em direção ao nosso objetivo mais amplo de desenvolver a AGI, que há muito imaginamos ser capaz de produzir novas pesquisas científicas.

Por que criamos a investigação

A investigação foi concebida para pessoas que fazem um trabalho intensivo de conhecimento em áreas como finanças, ciência, política e engenharia e que precisam de uma investigação exaustiva, precisa e de confiança. Ela pode ser igualmente útil para compradores exigentes que buscam recomendações hiperpersonalizadas sobre compras que normalmente exigem uma pesquisa cuidadosa, como carros, eletrodomésticos e móveis. Todos os resultados são totalmente documentados, com citações claras e um sumário do raciocínio, facilitando a referência e a verificação das informações. Ela é particularmente eficaz para encontrar informações específicas e não intuitivas que exigiriam a navegação em vários sites. A investigação liberta um tempo valioso, permitindo que você transfira e agilize pesquisas complexas e demoradas na web com apenas uma consulta.

A investigação descobre, raciocina e consolida de maneira independente os insights encontrados na web. Para isso, ela foi treinada em tarefas realistas que exigem um navegador e a ferramenta Python, utilizando os mesmos métodos de aprendizado por reforço que estão no OpenAI o1, nosso primeiro modelo de raciocínio. Embora o o1 demonstre capacidades impressionantes em codificação, matemática e outros domínios técnicos, muitos desafios do mundo real exigem um contexto extenso e a coleta de informações de diversas fontes online. A investigação baseia-se nessas capacidades de reflexão para superar essa lacuna, o que lhe permite abordar os tipos de problemas com que as pessoas se deparam no trabalho e no dia a dia.

Como utilizar a Investigação

No ChatGPT, selecione “investigação” no editor de mensagens e insira sua consulta. Diga ao ChatGPT o que você precisa, seja uma análise competitiva sobre plataformas de streaming ou um relatório personalizado sobre a melhor bicicleta para ir ao trabalho. Você pode anexar arquivos ou planilhas para adicionar contexto à sua pergunta. Assim que a execução começar, é exibida uma barra lateral com um sumário das etapas realizadas e das fontes utilizadas.

A investigação pode demorar entre 5 a 30 minutos para concluir o trabalho, dependendo do tempo necessário para aprofundar a pesquisa na web. Enquanto isso, você pode se afastar ou trabalhar em outras tarefas: uma notificação será enviada assim que a investigação for concluída. O resultado final chega como um relatório no chat. Nas próximas semanas, também adicionaremos imagens incorporadas, visualizações de dados e outros resultados analíticos a esses relatórios para maior clareza e contexto.

Em comparação com a investigação, o GPT‑4o é ideal para conversas multimodais em tempo real. Para consultas multifacetadas e específicas de um domínio, em que a profundidade e os detalhes são fundamentais, a capacidade da investigação de realizar uma exploração extensa e citar cada afirmação é a diferença entre um sumário rápido e uma resposta bem documentada e verificada que pode ser utilizada como produto de trabalho.

GPT-4o

Help me find iOS and android adoption rates, % who want to learn another language, and change in mobile penetration, over the past 10 years, for top 10 developed and top 10 developing countries by GDP. Lay this info out in a table and separate stats into columns, and include recommendations on markets to target for a new iOS translation app from ChatGPT, focusing on markets ChatGPT is currently active in.

Compiling comprehensive data on iOS and Android adoption rates, the percentage of populations interested in learning another language, and changes in mobile penetration over the past decade for the top 10 developed and developing countries by GDP is challenging due to data limitations. However, based on available information, we can provide insights and recommendations for targeting markets with a new iOS translation app powered by ChatGPT.

Top 10 Developed Countries by GDP:

  1. United States
  2. Japan
  3. Germany
  4. United Kingdom
  5. France
  6. Italy
  7. Canada
  8. South Korea
  9. Australia
  10. Spain

Top 10 Developing Countries by GDP:

  1. China
  2. India
  3. Brazil
  4. Russia
  5. Indonesia
  6. Mexico
  7. Turkey
  8. Saudi Arabia
  9. Argentina
  10. South Africa

Insights:

  • iOS and Android Adoption Rates: Globally, Android holds a dominant market share of approximately 70.93%, while iOS accounts for about 28.32% as of 2024. In the United States, iOS leads with a 58.81% market share. Other developed countries like Japan, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom also show a higher preference for iOS devices. In contrast, developing countries such as India and Brazil have a higher prevalence of Android devices.
  • Interest in Language Learning: While specific percentages of populations interested in learning another language are not readily available, the global popularity of language learning apps like Duolingo, which had approximately 14.3 million downloads in July 2024, indicates a significant interest. This interest is likely higher in countries with diverse linguistic landscapes or where English is not the primary language.
  • Mobile Penetration Over the Past Decade: Mobile phone ownership has seen substantial growth globally. In the United States, smartphone ownership increased from 35% in 2011 to 91% in 2024. Developing countries have also experienced significant growth in mobile penetration, contributing to increased access to digital services.

Recommendations:

Considering the available data and focusing on markets where ChatGPT is currently active, the following developed countries are promising targets for a new iOS translation app:

  • United States: High iOS market share and significant interest in language learning.
  • United Kingdom: Substantial iOS user base and a multicultural population with diverse language needs.
  • Canada: Notable iOS adoption and a bilingual population (English and French), increasing the demand for translation services.

Among developing countries, the following are noteworthy:

  • China: Despite Android's dominance, the large population and growing interest in English and other languages present a significant opportunity.
  • India: High Android usage, but a growing middle class with increasing iOS adoption and a strong interest in language learning, especially English.
  • Brazil: Predominantly Android users, but with a sizable market for language learning apps, particularly for English and Spanish.

Focusing on these markets aligns with ChatGPT's current availability and leverages existing mobile adoption trends and language learning interests.

Investigação

Help me find iOS and android adoption rates, % who want to learn another language, and change in mobile penetration, over the past 10 years, for top 10 developed and top 10 developing countries by GDP. Lay this info out in a table and separate stats into columns, and include recommendations on markets to target for a new iOS translation app from ChatGPT, focusing on markets ChatGPT is currently active in.

Top 10 Developed Economies (by GDP)Smartphone OS Share, Language-Learning Interest, and Mobile Penetration Growth

Country

iOS Market Share

Android Market Share

Interest in New Language

(% of population)

Mobile Penetration Change (2013→2023)

United States

(USA)

~58% iOS vs 42% Android

(see left)

High:

70% regret losing foreign-language ability (indicating strong desire to improve)

56%→82%

smartphone penetration (↑26 pp)

Japan

~69% iOS vs 31% Android

(see left)

High:

Over 50% want to learn English

~30%→79%

(approx.) (↑~50 pp)

Germany

~39% iOS vs 60% Android

(see left)

High:

86% of Europeans say everyone should speak ≥1 foreign language (strong pro-language attitude)

40%→82%

(↑42 pp)

United Kingdom

(UK)

~52% iOS vs 47% Android

(see left)

Moderate-High:

~73% have some interest (only 27% “no interest” in new languages)

62%→82%

(↑20 pp)

France

~35% iOS vs 64% Android

(see left)

High:

86% (EU average) favor multilingualism; English widely seen as important

42%→83%

(↑40 pp)

Italy

~30% iOS vs 69% Android

(see left)

High:

86% (EU avg.) favor language learning; 1 in 4 regret not learning another

41%→85%

(↑44 pp)

Canada

~60% iOS vs 40% Android

(see left)

Moderate:

Many bilingual (English/French); rising interest in third languages (no recent % data)

56%→~80%

(↑ ~24 pp) (est., similar to US)

South Korea

~24% iOS vs 76% Android

(see left)

Moderate:

Strong English education focus; ~40% of teens are learning English

73%→~95%

(↑ ~22 pp) – already very high by 2013 (near saturation now)

Australia

~55% iOS vs 45% Android

(see left)

Moderate:

~70% see learning languages as valuable (English dominant but interest in Asian languages growing)

65%→~85%

(↑ ~20 pp) (est., high smartphone use)

Spain

~20% iOS vs 79% Android

(see left)

High:

88% of Spaniards learned a foreign language in school (e.g. English); strong cultural interest

55%→~85%

(↑ ~30 pp) (est., nearing Western Europe peers)

Top 10 Developing/Emerging Economies (by GDP)(ChatGPT availability considered)

Country

iOS Market Share

Android Market Share

Interest in New Language

(notable stats)

Mobile Penetration Change (2013→2023)

China

^(ChatGPT restricted)

~24% iOS vs 75% Android

(see left)

Very High:

Hundreds of millions learning English (but ChatGPT not officially accessible)

47%→68%

(↑21 pp)

India

~4% iOS vs 95% Android

(see left)

High:

English compulsory in many schools; strong economic motivation (80% link English to higher income)

~5%→46%

(↑ ~41 pp) (huge jump in smartphone adoption)

Brazil

~18% iOS vs 82% Android

(see left)

High:

Great demand for English – only ~5% speak it, but most see it as key skill

26%→67%

(↑40 pp)

Russia

^(ChatGPT limited)

~30% iOS vs 69% Android

(see left)

Moderate:

English learning common (compulsory in school); interest exists but ChatGPT availability is uncertain

36%→74%

(↑38 pp)

Mexico

~24% iOS vs 76% Android

(see left)

High:

Strong desire to learn English for US job/migration; ~50% of students study English in school (est.)

37%→62%

(↑25 pp)

Indonesia

~12% iOS vs 88% Android

(see left)

High:

English seen as gateway skill; government programs to improve English proficiency

<30%→68%

(↑ ~40 pp)

Turkey

~15% iOS vs 85% Android (est.)

(see left)

High:

English highly valued (universal in education);

80%

link English to better jobs

30%→75%

(↑45 pp)

Saudi Arabia

~24% iOS vs 76% Android

(see left)

Moderate:

English widely taught; 92% smartphone ownership (many already bilingual in English/Arabic)

73%→~95%

(↑ ~22 pp) (early adopter; near saturation now)

South Africa

~16% iOS vs 83% Android

(see left)

High:

Multilingual society; English and Afrikaans taught alongside native languages – cultural impetus to learn others

40%→~60%

(↑ ~20 pp) (est., steady growth)

Argentina

~12% iOS vs 88% Android

(see left)

High:

Strong interest in English (Argentina leads Latin America in English proficiency)

31%→~70%

(↑ ~39 pp) (est., sharp rise with smartphone adoption)

Sources: Smartphone OS shares are from StatCounter/Statista data (2023–24). Language-interest metrics come from surveys by Preply, Eurobarometer, Babbel, etc. (e.g. UK 73% interest; US 70% regret lack of languages; Japan >50% want English; Pearson global survey). Mobile penetration is measured as smartphone ownership percentage – dramatic growth is noted in developing markets (e.g. Brazil +40 points) and high saturation in developed ones (e.g. UK ~82%) over the last decade.


Recommendations: Based on the above, prime targets for a new ChatGPT‑powered iOS translation app would be countries with large iOS user bases and strong language-learning demand, where ChatGPT is accessible. Notably, Japan, the U.S., UK, Canada, and Australia emerge as top choices. These markets pair high iOS adoption (50–60%+ share) with significant enthusiasm for language learning – for example, Japan’s iPhone dominance and widespread desire to learn English make it ideal. English-speaking countries like the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, despite being monolingual societies, show substantial interest in learning other languages (e.g. Spanish or French), and all have over 80% smartphone penetration and millions of iPhone users.

Among emerging economies, Mexico and Brazil stand out as secondary targets: although Android prevails, their sheer population sizes mean tens of millions of iPhone users exist, and interest in English is very high for career and education reasons. These Latin American markets (where ChatGPT is active) could yield strong adoption for an iOS-only app, especially given the motivation to learn English. Conversely, China and Russia are less feasible – China’s OS split skews Android and ChatGPT is not officially available there, and Russia faces access and regulatory uncertainties.

In summary, focus on iOS-heavy, pro-learning markets: Japan and Western countries (US, UK, Canada, Australia, plus high-income Europe like Germany and France to a lesser degree) should be the first-tier targets. They combine robust iOS usage with favorable language-learning attitudes. A second tier includes large-population developing markets (Mexico, Brazil, perhaps Saudi Arabia for its historically high iPhone uptake) where interest in English is strong – these can be approached once the app gains traction in the primary markets. Such a strategy ensures the app launches where it has the greatest alignment of platform (iOS) presence and user demand for translation/language tools, maximizing the likelihood of adoption and growth.

A investigação responde ao prompt de maneira altamente detalhada, fornecendo dados lado a lado específicos por país, tanto para os 10 principais países desenvolvidos como para os 10 principais países em desenvolvimento, para fácil referência e comparação. Ela usa essas informações para oferecer recomendações detalhadas e úteis sobre como entrar no mercado.

Como funciona

A investigação foi treinada utilizando aprendizagem por reforço completa em tarefas difíceis de navegação e reflexão em vários domínios. Com esse treinamento, ela aprendeu a planejar e executar uma trajetória em várias etapas para encontrar os dados necessários, retrocedendo e reagindo às informações em tempo real, quando necessário. O modelo também é capaz de navegar por arquivos enviados pelo usuário, plotar e iterar em gráficos usando a ferramenta Python, incorporar gráficos gerados e imagens de sites em suas respostas e citar frases ou trechos específicos de suas fontes. Como resultado desse treinamento, ela alcança novos patamares em várias avaliações públicas focadas em problemas do mundo real.

Humanity's Last Exam

Na Humanity’s Last Exam(abre em uma nova janela), uma avaliação recém-divulgada que testa a IA em uma ampla gama de assuntos com perguntas de nível especializado, o modelo que alimenta a Investigação alcança um novo recorde de 26,6% de precisão. Esse teste tem mais de 3.000 perguntas de múltipla escolha e respostas curtas sobre mais de 100 assuntos, desde linguística até ciência espacial, clássicos e ecologia. Em comparação com o OpenAI o1, os maiores ganhos apareceram em química, ciências humanas e sociais e matemática. O modelo que está por trás da investigação apresentou uma abordagem semelhante à humana, procurando de modo eficaz informações especializadas quando necessário.

ModeloPrecisão (%)
GPT-4o3,3
Grok-23,8
Claude 3.5 Sonnet4,3
Gemini Thinking6,2
OpenAI o19,1
DeepSeek-R1*9,4
OpenAI o3-mini (médio)*10,5
OpenAI o3-mini (alto)*13,0
Investigação da OpenAI**26,6
* O modelo não é multimodal, avaliado em um subconjunto somente de texto.
**com navegação + ferramentas Python

GAIA

No GAIA(abre em uma nova janela)1, um benchmark público que avalia a IA em questões do mundo real, o modelo por trás da investigação atinge um novo patamar de excelência (SOTA), liderando o ranking(abre em uma nova janela) externo. Englobando questões em três níveis de dificuldade, essas tarefas exigem habilidades que incluem reflexão, fluência multimodal, navegação na Web e proficiência no uso de ferramentas.

GAIA
Nível 1Nível 2Nível 3Média
SOTA anterior(abre em uma nova janela)67,9267,4442,3163,64
Investigação (pass@1)74,2969,0647,667,36
Investigação (cons@64)78,6673,2158,0372,57

Exemplos de tarefas do GAIA

In Nature journal's Scientific Reports conference proceedings from 2012, in the article that did not mention plasmons or plasmonics, what nano-compound is studied? Don't use the prefix nano in your answer if there is one.

[The remaining Chain-of-Thought messages and the final answer are hidden to protect the benchmark's ground truth answer.]

Clarifying the search

I’m piecing together the request for an article from 2012 in Scientific Reports that details a nano-compound, excluding any related to plasmonics. Likely, this involves filtering specific topics or compounds, like silver or graphene.

Piecing together details

I'm sub-searching "Scientific Reports 2012 nanoparticle," likely seeking nano-compounds. Interested in filtering out plasmon-related topics, possibly focusing on silver, graphene, or quantum dots.

[search action]

Navigating search filters

I’m digging into advanced search filters on nature.com and Scientific Reports for 2012, trying to pinpoint articles on amorphous carbon nanoparticles in food caramels.

Identifying conference proceedings

The search results reveal a conference proceeding titled "2D quasiperiodic plasmonic crystals" from 2012, likely found under the "Conference Proceedings" category in Scientific Reports.

[browse action]

Reflecting on potential issues

I'm considering the reasons behind a web page misconception, likely due to an outdated agent type or inadvertent blockage.

[browse action]

Considering dynamic options

I'm thinking about a nature site with dynamic content or a cached version. Alternatively, trying a search for specific phrases might help.

[search action]

Pinpointing key features

OK, I'm identifying four conference proceedings from 2012 in Sci Rep. Notably, some mention "plasmonic" and should be excluded.

[browse action]

Piecing together insights

I’m gathering info on accessing cached versions or snippet expansions for specific titles to ensure comprehensive analysis.

[search action]

Pulling together the details

I’m noting the progression from the 2012 European Materials Research Society Spring Meeting to the scientific report, focusing on conference proceedings. This approach helps establish context and relevance.

[search action]

Tracking journal clues

Trying to connect conference proceedings from late 2012 with "Scientific Reports" journal, focusing on plasmonic 2D quasiperiodic materials. This approach feels methodical and precise.

[search action]

Analyzing event details

Noting that the search results [8] include a page likely summarizing the European Materials Research Society 2012 Spring Meeting, including 25 symposia.

[browse action]

Piecing together research

I’m examining a likely collection page with 4 articles, considering plasmonic and metamaterial topics, and identifying key references from the European Materials Research Society 2012 Spring Meeting.

[browse action]

Pinpointing the focus

I’m focusing on the 2012 conference proceedings in "Scientific Reports" from E-MRS, likely involving topics like "2D quasiperiodic plasmonic crystals" and "Layered plasmonic cloaks to tailor the optical scattering at the nanoscale."

[browse action]

Evaluating library sources

Thinking about special issue E-MRS 2012 Sci rep invited paper Monticone and metamaterials lab at News Archives – 2012.

[browse action]

Assessing accessibility

I'm gathering info on potential site access issues, considering outdated status or blockages. Also, evaluating the Monticone site for a list reference.

[browse action]

Piecing together E-MRS 2012

I'm trying to link "Layered Plasmonic Cloaks" to E-MRS 2012. Considering other possible topics like graphene and catalysis.

[browse action]

Identifying relevant topics

I’m gathering info on topics like graphene, photovoltaics, and nanostructured compounds, while excluding plasmonic-related ones. This leads me to focus on nanotechnology aspects more broadly.

[browse action]

Adjusting my focus

I’m broadening the search parameters by entering specific site and scholar identifiers to pinpoint articles about 2D quasiperiodic plasmonic crystals in Nature Scientific Reports from 2012.

[search action]

Identifying non-plasmonic possibilities

I'm narrowing down the search to identify articles from the 2012 E-MRS special issue in Scientific Reports. This involves checking titles for non-plasmonic topics, like graphene or functional oxides. Progress is evident through focused searches and exclusion of plasmonic articles.

[search action]

Piecing together clues

I'm analyzing interactions in a graphene superlattice, likely from a Sci Rep article. Considering titles by authors like Padooru, Yakovlev, Chen, and Alu.

[search action]

Piecing together the puzzle

I’m gathering info on E-MRS 2012 Spring Meeting's Sci Rep proceedings, focusing on invited papers, without plasmonic phenomena. Types under review are graphene, catalysis, energy materials, nanomedicine, and sensors.

[search action]

Tarefas de nível avançado

Em uma avaliação interna de tarefas realizadas por especialistas em diversas áreas, a investigação foi classificada por especialistas da área como tendo automatizado várias horas de investigação manual difícil. 

Índice de aprovação x Máximo de chamadas da ferramenta
Índice de aprovaçãoMáximo de chamadas da ferramenta
Quanto mais o modelo navega e pensa sobre o que está navegando, melhor o seu desempenho. Por isso, é importante que ele tenha tempo para pensar.
Exemplos de tarefas de nível avançado
Tempo economizado na tarefa: 4 horas

I am a researcher interested in bringing mixed-gas sorption capabilities to my lab. Please discuss the differences between pure- and mixed-gas sorption for glassy polymers, how the dual-mode sorption model can be used to predict mixed-gas sorption behavior in glassy polymers (include equations where applicable), and what challenges there are in accurately predicting pure- and mixed-gas sorption using the dual-mode sorption model. Only include open-source information as of October 1, 2024.

Pure vs. mixed-gas sorption in glassy polymers: In a glassy polymer (below TgT_g), a single gas typically exhibits a concave sorption isotherm: uptake rises sublinearly with pressure, unlike the linear Henry’s-law behavior above TgT_g. This is attributed to “dual-mode” sorption: some penetrant dissolves in the dense polymer matrix (obeying Henry’s law) while additional penetrant saturates specific microvoid “sites” (a Langmuir-type adsorption in the polymer’s nonequilibrium free volume). By contrast, when two or more gases are present, they compete for those limited Langmuir sorption sites. As a result, each component’s sorbed concentration in a mixture is generally lower than it would be at the same partial pressure alone. In particular the less soluble (lower-affinity) gas tends to be more strongly suppressed, often causing the mixed-gas solubility selectivity (ratio of concentrations) to exceed the ideal value predicted from pure-gas isotherms. For example, in CO₂/CH₄ mixtures both components sorb less than in their pure-gas cases (especially CH₄), so the CO₂/CH₄ sorption selectivity is higher under mixture conditions. In extreme cases, mixed-gas effects can even reverse performance trends observed with single gases. (We note that unlike competitive sorption, synergistic sorption – where one gas increases the sorption of another via polymer swelling – is usually minor in rigid high-free-volume polymers under moderate pressures.)

Dual-mode sorption model and mixed-gas prediction: The dual-mode sorption (DMS) model quantitatively captures glassy polymer sorption by superposing a Henry’s-law term and a Langmuir term. For a single gas, the sorbed concentration CC (e.g. in cm³(STP) gas per cm³ polymer) is written as:

C(p)=kDp  +  CHbp1+bp.C(p) = k_D\,p \;+\; \frac{C'_H\,b\,p}{\,1 + b\,p\,}\,.

Here kDk_D is the Henry’s law coefficient for dissolution, CHC'_H is the Langmuir capacity constant (proportional to the polymer’s unrelaxed free-volume or “hole” capacity), and bb is the Langmuir affinity constant. This empirical formula yields the characteristic concave isotherm of glassy polymers and reduces to simple Henry’s law at the glass-transition (since CH0C'_H \to 0 as TTgT \to T_g). The same three parameters (kD,CH,bk_D, C'_H, b) are obtained by fitting pure-gas sorption data and are then used to predict mixture sorption. For a binary mixture of gases A and B (with partial pressures pA,pBp_A, p_B), the DMS model assumes each gas obeys its own Henry’s term and that both compete for the same Langmuir sites. One convenient form is to write the total sorbed concentration as the sum of contributions from each gas:

Ctot=kD,ApA+kD,BpB  +  CH,AbApA  +  CH,BbBpB1+bApA+bBpB,C_{\text{tot}} = k_{D,A}p_A + k_{D,B}p_B \;+\; \frac{\,C'_{H,A}\,b_A\,p_A \;+\; C'_{H,B}\,b_B\,p_B\,}{\,1 + b_A p_A + b_B p_B\,}\,,

which implicitly means the concentration of component i in the mixture is Ci=kD,ipi+CH,ibipi1+jbjpjC_i = k_{D,i} p_i + \frac{C'_{H,i} b_i p_i}{\,1+\sum_j b_j p_j\,}. This reduces to the single-gas formula when the other component’s pressure is zero. In practice, partial pressure in these equations is often replaced by fugacity for accuracy at high pressures, though using fugacities or pressures gives nearly the same results if applied consistently. The DMS mixed-gas model predicts the competitive sorption effect observed experimentally – namely, each gas’s uptake is depressed relative to its pure-gas sorption isotherm.

Challenges and limitations: Although the dual-mode model is widely successful in correlating sorption data, it has notable limitations in predicting sorption behavior. First, the DMS model is empirical – its fitted parameters are not universal constants but can vary with polymer formation history, physical aging, and temperature/pressure range. This means a parameter set obtained under one set of conditions may lack predictive power outside its calibration range. For instance, sorption isotherms measured only over a limited pressure range can be fit well by DMS, but extrapolating beyond that (especially approaching plasticization pressures) may be unreliable. Indeed, multiple distinct combinations of kDk_D, CHC'_H, bb can sometimes fit the same pure-gas isotherm almost equally well – yet they yield markedly different mixed-gas predictions. This sensitivity undermines confidence in mixture forecasts, as one study showed that using different pure-gas fit sets led to only qualitative agreement with some mixed-CO₂/CH₄ data.

Furthermore, DMS inherently assumes a fixed population of Langmuir sites (microvoids) and ignores polymer relaxation or swelling induced by sorbate. In reality, penetrant-induced swelling (plasticization) can increase free volume and sorption capacity, especially for highly condensable gases at high activity – an effect the basic DMS model cannot capture. In binary sorption, this means any synergistic increase in sorption due to a second gas (or due to polymer dilation) is unaccounted for in the standard model. Conversely, the model also cannot describe sorption isotherm shapes that deviate from concave Langmuir-type behavior (e.g. sigmoidal isotherms caused by specific polymer-penetrant interactions or clustering). For example, glassy polymers absorbing polar molecules like alcohols can show sigmoidal sorption isotherms, which the simple dual-mode framework fails to represent. Finally, accurately measuring mixed-gas sorption itself is challenging, and discrepancies between idealized model assumptions (e.g. truly zero downstream pressure, no competitive diffusion limitations) and experimental realities can add to prediction error. Despite these challenges, the dual-mode sorption model – with appropriate care – remains a valuable first approximation for interpreting sorption in glassy polymers, and it highlights the key role of competitive site occupancy in mixed-gas environments. Researchers often turn to more elaborate models (e.g. non-equilibrium lattice fluid or thermodynamic theories) when the dual-mode model’s assumptions break down, but such models come at the cost of additional parameters or complexity. In summary, dual-mode sorption provides a useful baseline for pure- and mixed-gas sorption in glassy polymers, but one must be mindful of its empirical nature and the above limitations when predicting multicomponent sorption behavior in practice.

Sources: Dual-mode sorption model and mixed-gas extension; competitive sorption effects in mixtures; model equations and parameters; limitations of DMS model; parameter sensitivity and predictivity issues.

Understanding sorption models

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Understanding sorption models

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Addressing dual sorption model challenges

Parameter coupling and non-uniqueness impact predictions. Absence of polymer condition changes might lead to oversights.

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Índice de aprovação em tarefas de nível Especialista, por valor econômico estimado
Índice de aprovaçãoValor econômico estimado
Índice de aprovação em tarefas de nível Especialista, por horas estimadas
Índice de aprovaçãoHoras estimadas
O valor econômico estimado da tarefa está mais ligado ao índice de aprovação do que ao número de horas necessárias para um ser humano realizar a tarefa. O que os modelos consideram difícil é diferente do que os humanos consideram demorado.

Limitações

A investigação abre novas capacidades significativas, mas ainda está em fase inicial e apresenta limitações. Às vezes, ela pode ter alucinações sobre fatos nas respostas ou fazer inferências incorretas, embora em um índice significativamente menor do que os modelos existentes do ChatGPT, de acordo com avaliações internas. Ela pode ter dificuldade em distinguir informações confiáveis de rumores e, atualmente, apresenta fraqueza na calibração da confiança, muitas vezes não conseguindo transmitir a incerteza com precisão. No lançamento, podem ocorrer pequenos erros de formatação nos relatórios e citações, e as tarefas podem demorar mais tempo para serem iniciadas. Esperamos que todos esses problemas sejam rapidamente resolvidos com o aumento do uso e com o tempo.

Acesso

Atualmente, a investigação no ChatGPT é muito exigente em termos computacionais. Quanto mais tempo leva para pesquisar uma consulta, mais computação de inferência é necessária. Estamos começando hoje com uma versão otimizada para usuários Pro, com até 100 consultas por mês. Os usuários Plus e Team terão acesso em seguida, seguidos pelos usuários Enterprise. Ainda estamos trabalhando para disponibilizar o acesso aos usuários no Reino Unido, na Suíça e no Espaço Econômico Europeu. 

Todos os usuários pagos receberão em breve limites de taxa significativamente mais altos quando lançarmos uma versão mais rápida e econômica da investigação, alimentada por um modelo menor que ainda fornece resultados de alta qualidade. 

Nas próximas semanas e meses, trabalharemos na infraestrutura técnica, monitorando de perto a versão atual e realizando testes ainda mais rigorosos. Isso está em consonância com nosso princípio de implantação iterativa. Se todas as verificações de segurança continuarem a cumprir os nossos padrões de lançamento, prevemos disponibilizar a investigação aos usuários Plus em cerca de um mês.

O que vem a seguir

A investigação está disponível hoje no ChatGPT web e será lançada em aplicativos móveis e para desktop ainda este mês. Atualmente, a investigação pode acessar a web aberta e qualquer arquivo carregado. No futuro, você poderá se conectar a fontes de dados mais especializadas, expandindo o acesso a recursos internos ou baseados em assinatura, para tornar os resultados ainda mais robustos e personalizados.

Em uma perspectiva mais ampla, prevemos que experiências autônomas se unirão no ChatGPT para pesquisa e execução assíncronas no mundo real. A combinação da investigação, que pode realizar investigações online assíncronas, e do Operator, que pode tomar medidas no mundo real, permitirá ao ChatGPT realizar tarefas cada vez mais sofisticadas para você.


Adendo de 3 de fevereiro de 2025: Realizamos testes de segurança rigorosos, avaliações de prontidão e análises de governança na versão inicial do o3, que capacita a investigação, identificando-o como risco Médio(abre em uma nova janela). Também realizamos testes de segurança adicionais para entender melhor os riscos incrementais associados à capacidade da investigação de navegar na web e adicionamos novas medidas de mitigação. Continuaremos a testar exaustivamente e a monitorar de perto a versão limitada atual. Compartilharemos nossas percepções sobre segurança e medidas de proteção para a investigação em um cartão do sistema quando ampliarmos o acesso aos usuários Plus.

Notas de rodapé

  1. 1

    Descobrimos que as respostas corretas para este conjunto de dados foram amplamente vazadas online e bloqueamos vários sites ou URLs para garantir uma avaliação justa do modelo.

Autoria

OpenAI

Líderes de investigações

Isa Fulford, Zhiqing Sun

Colaboradores fundadores

Alex Tachard Passos, Alexandra Barr, Allison Tam, Charlotte Cole, Hyung Won Chung, Jason Wei, Jon Blackman, Scott Mayer McKinney, Valerie Qi

Colaboradores principais

Investigação

Elaine Ya Le, Eric Mitchell, Eric Wallace, Hyung Won Chung, Ignasi Clavera, Leo Liu, Lorenz Kuhn, Louis Feuvrier, Max Schwarzer, Saachi Jain, Scottie Yan, Shunyu Yao e Vitchyr Pong

Implementação

Carpus Chang, Harry Zhao, Joseph Trasatti, Joshua Dickens, Matt Kaufer, Mike Trpcic, Minnia Feng, Neel Ajjarapu, Peter Vidani e Sean Fitzgerald

Colaboradores

Investigação

Ahmed El-Kishky, AJ Ostrow, Alexander Wei, Andrei Gheorghe, Andrew Kondrich, Andrey Mishchenko, Anuj Nair, Behrooz Ghorbani, Brydon Eastman, Chak Li, Foivos Tsimpourlas, Francis Song, Giambattista Parascandolo,Gildas Chabot, Hessam Bagherinezhad, Haitang Hu, Hongyu Ren, Henry Aspegren, Hunter Lightman, Ilya Kostrikov, Ilge Akkaya, James Lennon, Jean Harb, Jonathan Ward, Kai Chen, Katy Shi, Kevin Liu, Kevin Yu, Manuka Stratta, Marvin Zhang, Mengyuan Yan,  Mostafa Rohaninejad, Noam Brown, Phoebe Thacker, Raz Goan, Reah Miyara, Spencer Papay, Taylor Gordon, Wenda Zhou, Wenlei Xie, Yash Patil, Yann Dubois, Youlong Cheng, Yushi Wang e Wyatt Thompson

+ todos os colaboradores do o3.

Sistemas de segurança

Adam Kalai, Alex Beutel, Andrea Vallone, Andy Applebaum, David Robinson, Elizabeth Proehl, Evan Mays, Grace Zhao, Irina Kofman, Jason Phang, Joaquin Quinonero Candela, Joel Parish, Kevin Liu, Kristen Ying, Lama Ahmad, Leon Maksin, Leyton Ho, Meghan Shah, Michele Wang, Miles Wang, Phillip Guo, Olivia Watkins, Owen Campbell-Moore, Patrick Chao, Sam Toizer, Samuel Miserendino, Sandhini Agarwal, Tejal Patwardhan, Tina Sriskandarajah, Troy Peterson, Yaodong Yu e Yunyun Wang

Implementação

Adam Koppel, Adam Wells, Adele Li, Andy Applebaum, Andrey Malevich, Andrew Duberstein, Andrew Howell, Anton Tananaev, Ashley Tyra, Brandon Walkin, Bryan Ashley, Cary Bassin, Cary Hudson, Cory Decareaux, Cristina Scheau, Derek Chen, Dibya Bhattacharjee, Drea Lopez, Eric Antonow, Eric Burke, Filippo Raso, Fotis Chantzis, Freddie Sulit, Harris Cohen, Heather Whitney, Jay Dixit, Jeffrey Han, Jen Robinson, Jessica Shieh, Joel Parish, Kan Wu, Kevin Gladstone, Kshitij Wadhwa, Leo Vandriel, Leyton Ho, Liang Chen, Madeline Christian, Mamie Rheingold, Matt Jones, Michelle Fradin, Mike McClay, Mingxuan Wang, Nacho Soto, Niko Felix, Patrick Delaney, Paul McMillan, Philip Pronin, Rodrigo Riaza Perez, Samuel Miserendino, Scott Ethersmith, Steven Baldwin, Thomas Dimson, Tomo Hiratsuka, Yaming Lin, Yara Khakbaz e Yining Chen

Liderança

Akshay Nathan, Greg Brockman, Hannah Wong, Jakub Pachocki, Jerry Tworek, Johannes Heidecke, Josh Tobin, Liam Fedus, Mark Chen, Mia Glaese, Nick Turley, Sam Altman, Wojciech Zaremba